The Qin and Han Dynasty Xiao Pass

　　Introduction   Xiao Pass was a famous ancient frontier pass in China’s northwest. Emperors of the Qin and Han dynasties on their tours, as well as literati of the Han and Tang dynasties venturing beyond the border, all had connections with Xiao Pass. There has long been debate over its exact location, but there is no disagreement that it was situated in the general area southeast of Guyuan County in Ningxia.

　　The Qin and Han Dynasty Xiao Pass likely refers to the rugged stretch from Sanguan Pass to Wating Gorge. Though not sheer cliffs, the terrain here is steep and imposing. Wating, located on the eastern edge of the Liupan Mountain range within this defensive zone, essentially served as a critical stronghold of Xiao Pass. Not only is it surrounded by towering peaks and deep, treacherous valleys—making it naturally defensible and hard to attack—but it also benefits from a unique geographical advantage. The Jing River flows out from the south through Danzheng Gorge and Sanguan Pass, forming a natural southern defense system leading up to Xiao Pass.

　　Today, the Jing River flows year-round here, shimmering with a gentle flow. In spring, wild peach blossoms blanket the mountainsides; in summer and autumn, the lush green hues and deep mountain shadows stretch far, complemented by the sight of high bridges and railway tunnels as trains pass through, turning what was once an impassable barrier into a convenient thoroughfare—making it a great destination for travelers.

　　 Guyuan City, Ningxia