I browsed through the UIAA (International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation) website and found a few practically useful items.
These are the symbols used to mark climbing route maps. Different people use different symbols, but these are the ones recommended by the UIAA (and used in many long routes):
Simple translation ("DE" indicates only the German original is available):
chimney – chimney (a crack wide enough to fit a person)
chockstone – chockstone (usually a large stone stuck in a crack)
couloir – couloir (a narrow gully on a steep slope, originally means corridor)
slab / rock wall – slab (a moderately angled smooth surface) / rock wall
corner / dihedral(US) – corner / dihedral (an inside corner)
crack – crack
Wasserstreifen [DE] – water stain on the rock face (even when dry, it has a different color from the surrounding area, used to mark the relative position of the route)
ramp – ramp (a slope or ledge that can be used to bypass upwards)
aret/rib/ridge – ridge
ledge – ledge (a platform)
area/shoulder – shoulder (a very large and open platform)
overhang – overhang
cornice – cornice (an overhanging mass of snow)
roof – roof (a large overhang)
niche – niche (a small cave or recess)
snow/firn/ice – snow/firn/ice
rock – rock (the image shows loose rocks)
grass – grass
tree – tree
latsche [DE] – latsche (unknown, possibly a type of shrub?)
pillar(small)/limestone [DE] – pillar (small)/limestone (unknown, possibly a small limestone column?)
peg/pin/piton – piton (rock climbing nail)
bolt – bolt (bolt anchor)
sequency/crux pitch route crux, the challenging section of the route
fixed rope fixed rope
belay belay point (the place where belaying is done)
portaledge portaledge
rappel anchor rappel anchor
pendulum pendulum
visible route the visible part of the route on the map
hidden route the obscured part of the route that is not visible on the map
variation variation of the standard route