Source of the Tumen River

　　The source of the Tumen River is situated at 128°26′ east longitude and 42°00′ north latitude, beginning at the confluence of the Ruoliu River and the Hongtu River (at the eastern foothills of Chifeng Mountain) and extending all the way to the river mouth. Today, this entire waterway is collectively referred to as the Tumen River. The actual headwaters of the Tumen River originate from the Shulin River in the forest three kilometers northwest of Chifeng. Flowing to a point 1.5 kilometers west of Chifeng, it converges with the Hongtu River of North Korea, then winds around the southern and eastern foothills of Chifeng. At a location half a kilometer east of Chifeng, it meets the Ruoliu River, which originates from Yuanchi. From there, it continues to flow southeast. Approximately 6.5 kilometers west of Chifeng, it is joined by the Shiyi (Yi) River from North Korea, gradually increasing in volume. It then flows northeastward, and at a point 8.5 kilometers west of Guangping, it receives the Hongdan River from North Korea. Continuing to meander northeast, it is joined 1.7 kilometers west of Guchengli by the Hongqi River, and southeast of Guchengli, the Xidou River from North Korea also flows in—hence Guchengli was historically known as the "Confluence of Three Rivers." From the confluence of the Ruoliu and Hongtu Rivers to the point where the Hongdan River joins from North Korea, the river stretches 73 Chinese miles (approximately 50 kilometers). According to historical records such as *A Brief Record of the Tumen River in Changbai Mountain* and the *Yanji Border Report*, the ancient name for this section was the "Dalang River." With a narrow riverbed, steep gradient, and a bed of layered pebbles, the waters rush violently, with the roaring sound echoing through the valleys and shaking the mountains—thus, the name "Dalang River" has been well-deserved since ancient times.

　　The Tumen River originates from Chifeng in the west and ends at the confluence at Hui-koudong, the border area between Helong and Longjing cities to the east. Within the city limits, the river flows for 313 Chinese miles. From Dakong to Maoshan in North Korea is 100 Chinese miles, and from Maoshan to the Hui-koudong confluence in Yanji is 113 Chinese miles. The source of the Tumen River is located at 128°26" east longitude and 42°

　　00, starting from the confluence of the Ruoliu River and the Hongtu River (at the eastern foothills of Chifeng Mountain) and extending all the way to the river mouth. Today, this entire waterway is collectively referred to as the Tumen River.