Iraq’s primary international airports are Baghdad International Airport and Erbil International Airport in the north; other airports are located in cities such as Basra. There are generally no direct flights between most countries and Iraq, so travellers usually connect via a third country. Flight schedules and routes can change, so check in advance and allow extra time for connections. Airport immigration and security procedures are strict, so arrive early and keep your documents handy.
Major cities like Baghdad have taxis and minibuses, but vehicle quality, pricing, and safety can vary considerably, so these are not recommended for most travellers. A safer and more reliable choice is to arrange a private car with a driver through a trusted agency or hotel, which can manage all transfers. Traffic can be heavy during busy times, and there are numerous checkpoints, so allow additional travel time.
Travelling between cities in Iraq is mostly done by road. Although long-distance buses and shared taxis are available, their safety, comfort, and reliability can’t always be assured. For most visitors, hiring a well-maintained vehicle with a knowledgeable local driver is a better option. Trips between cities such as Baghdad and Babylon, Najaf, Ur, or northward to Erbil cover long distances and are best done during the day. Check road and checkpoint conditions ahead of time.
The Kurdistan Region in the north includes cities such as Erbil and Sulaymaniyah. Entry into this area is through separate border points and follows different entry regulations. Roads between cities in the region are generally in better condition. If you're travelling from Baghdad to Erbil or flying into Erbil Airport, check flight details, road conditions, and any local safety advice in advance, and follow all local guidelines.
In Iraq, transportation involves more than logistics—it's also a safety concern. Roads in and around cities may have checkpoints with varying procedures and operating hours. Before setting out, discuss your route with a local guide, and carry identification for inspection. Choose reliable vehicles in good condition with enough fuel, and ensure your driver is familiar with the area and checkpoint protocols. Travel mainly during daylight, and avoid driving at night or making unplanned stops.
Before starting a long trip, confirm your accommodation and safety situation at your destination, and inform your agency or family of your travel plans and contact details. Keep your phone charged and ensure you can communicate if needed. If you face unexpected events or a change in safety conditions, your first priority should be finding a safe place, returning to your departure point, or adjusting your plans—avoid confrontations. Careful planning and reliable arrangements are the best ways to manage uncertainty while travelling.